Which of the following must apply equally to all individuals and corporations?

The correct answer is laws. Laws are formal rules established by a governing authority that apply universally to all individuals and corporations within its jurisdiction. This principle of equality under the law ensures that everyone, regardless of their status as an individual or a corporation, must adhere to the same legal standards and obligations.

Laws provide a framework for maintaining order and justice in society, protecting rights, and outlining responsibilities. They are enforceable by the state, and violations can result in penalties such as fines or imprisonment. By requiring that all individuals and corporations follow the same laws, the legal system aims to treat everyone fairly and justly.

In contrast, policies and guidelines are often established by organizations or institutions to direct actions and decisions internally and may not apply universally outside of those entities. Regulations, while often enforceable rules derived from laws, may not always extend to all individuals and corporations equally depending on their context and the scope of the regulation. Thus, laws represent the fundamental requirement for equal application across all individuals and corporations.